Comparative Essay Between the Kite Runner and Obasan

The novels, Obasan by Joy Kogawa and The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini both express the development of character through theme. In The Kite Runner, Amir is haunted by his past. He tries to forget events that had left his best friend, Hassan to lead a terrible fate. In Obasan, as a child, Naomi lived with discrimination even in her homeland, Canada; she must escape and live in the shadows. Both characters return to their past; Amir must make up for his sins and learn a family secret while Naomi’s brought to rediscover the racism kept away from her in her youth. The protagonists, Amir and Naomi develop as individuals when they discover their past, learn from their past and deal with the events that had forever changed their lives. In†¦show more content†¦Amir thought, â€Å"I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan – the way he’d stood up for me all those times in the past†¦. Or I could run. In the end, I ran.† (Hosseini, 82) It was this conflict that changed the lives of all the characters. This was Amir’s, â€Å"final opportunity to decide who [he] was going to be.† (Hosseini, 82) As a result, He spent his adolescence ‘running’ away from his mistakes, because everywhere he looked â€Å"Kabul had become a city of ghosts†¦A city of harelipped ghosts.† (Hosseini, 144) To Amir, Hassan was haunting his memories. Amir couldn’t stand it so Baba and Amir moved to America. â€Å"For [Amir], America was a place to bury [his] memories.† (Hosseini, 136) In contrast to Kogawa’s novel, Amir’s actions resulted to the change of his life and the lives of people around him. Rahim Khan, a family friend, calls Amir in his adulthood asking him to come to Pakistan. Rahim Khan urges Amir, â€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini, 2) Obasan and The Kite Runner’s protagonists change as individuals when as adults, they learn the secrets of their past. In Obasan, Naomi had known what was going on in her past, but she did not know the magnitude of what was occurring. Naomi’s family sheltered her from the events of the war and the true facts of the where-abouts of her mother. By the end of the novel, Naomi’s family reveals that her mother had died in the Nagasaki bombing. In The

Iga Marketing Plan Essay - 2520 Words

Execute Summary The purpose for this document is to describe, and provide a framework for an optimized marketing plan for IGA Australia entering into Chinese market in the period May 2010 to May 2013. The report offers a structure for developing, implementing and controlling IGA China marketing program for the international IGA brand, in order to achieve focal objectives as followed in this plan. The Competitive Analysis points out the fact that the Retail Industry is dominated by 3 major competitors including Wal-Mart, Trust Mart and Carrefour in China. The SWOT Analysis included, helps develop the following Marketing Objectives: †¢ First year in May 2010-May 2011, aim at $100,000 sales income †¢ Achieve 2012 sales target (3-7%†¦show more content†¦(IBISWorld, 2009) In China, consumers can be divided into four classes. As the chart shown below, there are 5% of people who are affluent (above 20,000 RMB per month). In addition, 15% of the people who earn 6000-10,000RMB are considered as IGA’s potential consumers-‘the New Wealth Class’. Consumers at this level are mostly well-educated. They require higher quality of the life and easily accept the new things without considering the prices. (China Daily, 2009) They are the symbol of new wealth generation who aged 25-40 with high income and strong purchasing power. They appreciate the life of LOHO (lifestyles of health and sustainability) and SOHO. Source: Euromonitor Report- Income report in China, June 2009 2.3 Position IGA positions itself in Chinese market as a medium size supermarket operating in the upscale community, providing high quality products, adopting the new technology, and fostering customers in choosing a new lifestyle. 2.4 Geo-demographic Segmentation Geo-demographic segmentation is a concept that combines the geographic data and demographic data in order to describe the consumers and neighborhoods specifically (Kotler Keller Burton, 2009). In China, Xiamen, Nanjing, Wuhan, Dongguan, Hangzhou, Ningbo, will be the first five cities IGA intend to enter. These five cities are picked up because of its physical size andShow MoreRelatedAldis Customer Choice Case Study1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this report is to outline the main factors that influence ALDI’s customer choice, describe the marketing process used by ALDI and evaluate the main marketing strategies that are employed by ALDI. In addition, the consumerist market of ALDI places an importance on identifying and satisfying their customers by developing a sustainable marketing plan. 1. Outline the main factors that influence ALDI’s customer choice. The four key factors that influence consumer choice are psychologicalRead MorePricing Choices Should Anticipate Competitor Reactions1703 Words   |  7 Pagesalignment with the businesses long run plans and objectives (Whitwell 2003). It should also be pointed out that there is inherent limitations with pricing as areas such as the elasticity of demand (Hubbard 2012) and brand positioning (Armstrong 2012) will influence customer spending habits (Nagel 2002) and spend thresholds. That said a pricing plan for Advanta chill will be discussed and explained how this can be done effectively within the confines of a marketing mix. This will be done via applyingRead MoreCereal Marketing Plan Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesOMG ACTIVE CEREAL TWO-YEAR MARKETING PLAN By Christine Shao Name and appropriateness of choice OMG is a pet phrase among teenagers and also I want to deliver a message to costumers that the cereal has amazing taste. Our target customers are teenagers, so the word ‘ACTIVE’ is used to describe how the teenagers should be. Summary of market position OMG Active Cereal is a new breakfast cereal which is based on rice bran. Rice bran has a high nutrition value and is rich in anti- oxidants and beta-glucanRead MoreSave a Lot Strategy5103 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction Aim: Provide a detailed retail audit containing market entry strategies, competition and the market place and a retail strategy plan that will allow Save a Lot to secure a bank loan in support of their Australian Franchise Context: Save- A- Lot is a discount retailer seeking to expand into the Australian market place targeting high discount and low price seeking consumers. Their market entry strategy is to franchise their brand and use a market expansion strategy when moving to theRead MorePublix Paper1360 Words   |  6 PagesPositioning There is a need for Publix to improve the execution process of their current marketing function, so that the company generates ways to stay consistent and successful with their current competitive position. It will differentiate their offering and create more value for the company in the supermarket industry. The current marketing position at Publix states, in its online corporate marketing section that the company â€Å"seeks to align our business with the needs of our customers. Our objectiveRead MoreCase Study Questions On Strategic Manufacturing Management2105 Words   |  9 Pagesincludes companies with the same goods and services; including retail, wholesale and distribution brands. The main principal competitors are: †¢ METCASH Ltd: Metcash is a grocery and liquor distributor in Australia. A notable supermarket of METCASH is IGA and a liquor retailer named â€Å"bottle – o†. METCASH consists of a distribution unit that supplies goods to 2500 grocery stores and serving more than 13000 liquor stores and hotels. †¢ Aldi GmbH Company: Aldi runs in an international market with more thanRead MoreBusiness Plan2184 Words   |  9 PagesMANAGEMENT BSBMGT617A- DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A BUSINESS PLAN ASSESSMENT TASK 1- ANALYSE A BUSINESS PLAN STUDENT NAME: MA. REBECCA M. BEREDO STUDENT ID: UIC0159 Compare and Contrast the business plan of the quality training business plan and gallery/coffee. BUSINESS PLAN 1 Areas | The quality training business plan | Objective | The company objectives of quality training are: a) To provide complete financial projection of plan year b) To present a written document for the managementRead MoreMarketing Australia for the Commonwealth Games1576 Words   |  6 PagesAs a part of the marketing team for the commonwealth games hosted in Glasgow in 2014, I have decided to market in Australia. I have chosen Australia, on account of them winning the event 11 times. Personally, I think they will have a larger a fan base due to the fact they are favourites of winning the event once again. Another reason to why I chose Australia is by virtue of them having a longstanding relationship with Scotland. In 2011 a census was carried out and 103,204 citizens where ScottishRead MoreAldi in Australia 24140 Words   |  17 Pagesindustry.   Technology is used in all lines on the supply chain process and is also used in corporate communications within the organisation as well as with the company’s stakeho lders. Technological changes applicable to the food retail industry support marketing activities online as well as cost-efficiency in operations. Unlike its competitors, Aldi operates with independent business units with a lean organisational structure allowing the company to achieve more with its supply chain even by engaging onlyRead MoreSituation Analysis/Target Market Identification Report and Collage3399 Words   |  14 Pages SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Curtin College Ms. Desiree Jones Trimester 2, 2011 Situation Analysis/ Target Market Identification SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION 1.0 Situation Analysis/ Current marketing Mix 1.1 Current Product A rnott‟s Tiny Teddy is a brand of sweet biscuits which has children aged between 3 – 7 years old as a primary focus market (Ryan 2002). Each biscuit is small in size and formed as a tiny bear which kids find â€Å"cute†

Final Reflection and Pdp Free Essays

Final Reflection and PDP Background This reflection paper reflects on themy current performance in regards to study skills. during this first seminar in study skills. This and will demonstrate themy awareness of my learning abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Reflection and Pdp or any similar topic only for you Order Now Where study skills are concerned, With study skills I’ve realised that its is important to understand, where you stand in the type of learner you are, how each the different learning skills preferred by indivudals enables individual prefers learn to enable pupils to share their learning experience, for example I may not be a auditory learner and someone else may be a visual learner, so we both can share are experiences of the way each person learns. During these past few months, in both lecturesr and seminar sessions, I’ve been exposed to discovered various learning styles which hashave enabled me to understandfind out exactly what the type of learner I am. I discovered that Tthere are a number of websites which can aidhelp to figure out in ascertaining the type of learner you are. what sort of learner you are. I conducted several researchresearch by looking up on the websites to figure out what type of learner I was, and I found out that I was an auditory learner. An auditory learner, this defines is a person which who learns best by listening. HoweverDuring my time at University, I’ have come across varioues students at GSM doing theon my same course, with different forms of learning styles, includingeither a Visual, KinestheticKinaesthetic, Read and Write, and of course an Auditory learners. From my understanding of being aAn independent learner defines, being is an individual who learns and studiesy for him e or herself, making decisions which will benefit them you as an individual and improve their learning needs, and, as student at a higher level form of education, to become most importantly self-motivated. I believe the most important attributesaims to becoming a successful learner and achieving the best toof your ability areis by the following: 1. Motivation By setting your own aims and objectives, as well as being responsible for your own learning and also setting out challenges and meeting goals. 2. Managing Time Managing Learning how to balance your studies with yourto social life is one of the most important strategiesy to becoming an independent learner. tThis is because, althoughdespite as much as everyone enjoys to having e their a social life, there needs to be a balance between an individual’s studies and social life as failing to do so can lead to failure. should be monitored before being distracted by studies and social life, if not this could lead to failure to the course. ( Moreover, to also understand how you learn best can determine how to revise and study for a particular work. )-dnt know what you trying to say. 3. Reflection Developing on your ability to reflect on your progress, through feedback, enables you determines in which you reflect on every feedback given, to sustain you, to improve better your progress within the course. This pushes you to work harder and correctimprove in any errors which had been made. , its It is equally important to keep a record of any kind of feedback or progress from tutors/peers are kept so that as it can inform you the student what stage of progress you are at. During the semester, how I have performed? I believe during Within the topic of study skill this semester, I think I would rate myself average in regardsdue to the way I have performed. during this semester, tThis is because I’ have come across some difficulties to in some of the assignments which have been set within theis seminar classes. What changes have you identified? In my last Due to my last assignment I failed to achieve the grade I wished to. In my initial reflection based on the initial reflection, was the first assignment which was set from study skills, and turn out to under achieve a pass, however this has allowed me to I recognised bmy mistakes and errors. This which had been made to enabled me to work on the things which I need to improve on. I learnt that I needed What I have recognised is to work more on my structuring, focusing more on identifying my real weaknesses which I have in order to improve on for the next semesters. ( expand more on this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) What I learned so far during the semester? -The things you have improved on -Your weaknesses†¦i. e. how you write, whether you have good time management etc. What parts of learning, study and assignment are causing me difficulties? One particular assignment which has caused me difficulties would be the written report. tThis is mainly because, there was not’t any sort of guidelines to help us, structure out our report, which would have been useful to us, and would have to given us some format of what to write. , uUnlike with the other modules, where there are is more support with most of the assignments set and there are classes which canould be attended to help with any difficulties, which we may and I believe with study skills it is more harsh and more to do with more independent learning and doing it on your own, and using ourare own initiative to see whether we understand what goes on in the real world of business. expand more on this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) How can I reflect upon what I am learning or doing and so improve what I do? One of the most important elements to achieving success is In order to succeed, one of the most important element is achievement refers to active involvement in your learning. A very important aspect of a Active learning is the ability to reflect on your work and see whether you are I’m answering the questions properly. When reflecting on my work, I need to consider, how to be responsible I feel for my own learning, how good Ito identify, setting achievable goals and how to be as well as being an active learner. I believe I definitely need to work on all of these to improve in all my assignment set. One way I can start of by reflecting upon what I am learning is by first, understanding how I learn. For example, I prefer to learn through listening and by noticing the type of learner I am would determine my motivation towards my studies. thus I can plan my studies based on this. Finally due to your current performance level and development changes, would you make for the next 4 semesters of your course? I have discovered that I need to make changes in regards to my time management. This is because I find myself procrastinating regularly, for example, leaving assignments to the last minute. I have noticed that this does not help as it means that my work is submitted late and not much effort goes into my assignments. To deal with this I have realised that I need to create sub goals, which are easier to complete, in order to get my assignments done earlier. One way in which I would need to developmake changes in, is by finding myself sometimes procrastinating regularly, when leaving assignment to the last minute, really doesn’t help in situations like things when submitting work late or not putting that much effort into your assignments. But I’ve identified that because I don’t chunk assignments into smaller bits and create sub goals, it doesn’t allow me to finish on time, but since procrastinating really leads to failure, things has to change through out the rest of the next semesters. ( expand more on this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) How to cite Final Reflection and Pdp, Papers

Foot Health Profession

Question: Discuss the possible presenting symptoms after a hard knock on the leg in the area behind the knee. Answer: Injury can occur in any phase of humans life. There could be many types of injury, one of which is a vascular injury which causes bleeding in the popliteal vein or artery. This results in hematoma causing immense pain in the injured area (Fuller 2013). The injury could be in the places like nerve, muscle, soft tissue, ligaments, and veins (Sutton 2016). A knee is defined as a joint which is situated between the shin bone and thigh bone. The function of the knee is to allow flexibility for the movement of the bones. A hard knock in the leg, especially behind the knees, could be much painful. The area where the hard knock occurs is known as the popliteal fossa and the nerves found in this area are called as popliteal nerve (Sata et al., 2014).These nerves are mainly responsible for sensation and strength in the motor regions when these nerves travel from the lower leg to the foot. An injury to the popliteal nerve results in tingling effect, numbness.pain and weakness in the foot, ankle and lower leg. At times, hematoma causes the compression of the nerves.there is another nerve called peroneal nerve which wraps around the fibula and further breaks into the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. They are responsible for providing sensation to the skin which is present at the base of the foot. Along with this, there are many other possible symptoms associated with this hard knock. The primary symptom of this knock could be swelling, worn out ligaments in the area surrounding the knock, sprain, fractures and partial or complete damage to the synovial membrane. These symptoms call for immediate treatment. Otherwise, they would result in major problems. Swelling is the situation, where the blood is released in the affected area and gets accumulated in the injured body part (Fleming et al., 2015). This is a visible symptom as they occur immediately after the injury to body part. Then is the case of worn out ligaments in the area. Ligaments are defined as the soft tissue s, which maintain the flexibility of joints. If the ligament is injured, then it causes major pain to the person. Fractures may be said as the combination of damage to ligaments and swelling. The beaking of bone is along with the hard tissues is termed as the fracture. The pain of the fracture is uncontrollable and it could tale at least 15 days to 1 month for the patient to recover from it depending upon the nature of the fracture. A sprain is the other type of symptoms associated with the knock. Sprains are the result of coagulation of blood and acids in the affected area, and it causes fatigue in the leg. Thus, it is seen that humans are prone to injuries. These injuries could happen anytime and anywhere. The knee is a very important area of the human body because the mobility of the joints depends on it. A hard knock in the knee area could result in many symptoms. If these symptoms are not given treatment immediately, then they would cause the major problem to the patient. References: Fleming III, J.F., Beck, A. and Rolfe, K.W., 2015. Immediate Swelling After Trauma to the Knee. InSurgery(pp. 287-298). Springer New York. Fuller, L.C., 2013. Podoconiosis and endemic non-filarial tropical elephantiasistropical lymphoedemas can be managed effectively in community settings.Continuing Medical Education,31(7), pp.265-269. Sata, S., Vandepitte, C., Gobliewski, M. and Hadzic, A., 2014. Aberrant Vein Within Common Connective Tissue Sheath of the Sciatic Nerve at the Popliteal Fossa.Regional anesthesia and pain medicine,39(1), pp.82-83. Sutton, P.M., 2016. Soft Tissue Knee Injuries.ABC of Common Soft Tissue Disorders, p.62.

advantages Essays - Software, World Wide Web, Computing, Free Essays

advantages Essays - Software, World Wide Web, Computing, Free Essays 2.0 Importance of Facebook now days: According to this research Facebook is a lawful activity in every country of the world, and from a small child to a busy professional business man Facebook is an addiction to all of them. Facebook has become a part of daily routine of people and for some people part of their hourly routine, people of all ages use Facebook for following different purposes. 2.1 Communication: The main purpose of this social network is communication; the main logo of Facebook is "connect and share with the people in your life". Facebook allows its users to chat, talk and share their daily life activities with their friends and family. 2.2 Entertainment Due to the advance features of this network entertainment has become as equal purpose as communication; as a member logs into his Facebook account his attention is readily diverted towards different entertainment stuff like time line applications, online game applications, picture jokes, funny videos and other interesting content. 2.3 Source of Earning Facebook is also used as a source of earning by people i.e. Facebook is one of the most visited websites on internet so it is an excellent website for advertisement and offers about brands and products, therefore Facebook is also used for marketing of business and hence it assists people in earning money. 2.4 Data Storage and Information Some people also use Facebook as data storage i.e. to store their memorable photos and videos on internet as in case their compute data gets corrupt or lost. Facebook is also sometimes used to obtain information about famous people, locations, cultures and events. Facebook also keeps people up to date about the world. 3.0 Usage of Facebook by people of different ages and different regions According to the research carried out Facebook population is made up of Millions of people around the globe. As compared to males, females lead the population on Facebook; young adults aged 18 to 25, possess the most population of the Facebook due to their interests in chatting, entertainment, cyber dating and other youth stuff. After this age sector Facebook is heavily populated from people aged 26 to 34, due to the same interests as of young adults. The rest of the population is covered by people of different ages including children and people over 45. Coming to the regional statics of Facebook usage, Facebook is a lawful activity in every country of the world. America has the most Facebook users of the world, Brazil has the second most users of Facebook in the World and third country with most Facebook users is India. Ireland possesses 59th position in relevance to the Facebook population. All these statistics show that Facebook is huge and on the present day it is the most popular social network and one of the most visited website on internet. 4.0 Advantages and disadvantages of Facebook: Today the world has become a place of instant communication with the help of social networks like Facebook, twitter, Google plus etc. and by other means of communication like emails and telephones. Facebook is the most popular social network on internet and its use is rapidly increasing, according to research carried out Facebook is the most popular communication tool used, followed by SMS and email. "Facebook is the most popular social network in the world, with over 350 million users, so it should come as no surprise to discover that people are using it as a primary tool for communication," said Hazel Butters, CEO of Prompt Communications. As far as communication and sharing Facebook is considered as an excellent tool, but problems arise when Facebook becomes an addiction. Facebook has become a part of daily routine of people and for some people part of their hourly routine and hence they are moving away from their daily healthy activities by spending hours on Facebook. Teens especially are being accused of constantly logged in their account, some specialists narrate that this develops social skills in them which are essential in practical life. But other people believe that this disturbs their studies and their healthy outdoor activities. Privacy is another issue with Facebook, although the social network offers the users full control of their private information

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essays

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essays Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay An Objective inquiry by Dr. Ignatius Gwanmesia into the importance of the influence of the mass media on our attitude to crime. Introduction The British crime phobia â€Å"in part generated by sensationalist media coverage†, Kirsta (2001, p. 5); the corresponding prioritisation of crime-related debates in most party manifestos, Brand and Price, (2000, p. ); the reciprocal investigations into the impact of media messages on crime attitudes are justified on the reality that â€Å"every seconds somewhere in Britain a crime is being committed, and popular newspapers outbid one another to present ever more sensationally lurid coverage of muggings, murders and rapes† Kirsta, (1988, p. 4). While prevailing circumstances may give the impression of a crime epidemic partly due to mass media influence, pinions about direct correlates are not only polarised but problematic in validity and reliability. In analysing the mass media influence on public attitude to crime, I will start by defining ‘mass media’ and ‘crime’. Then, using the television, the newspapers and films as my mass media typologies, I will concurrently critically analyse prevailing opinions on how they impact on public attitude to crime. While the appraisal will evaluate prevailing debates, the conclusion will be a resume of dialogues developed exclusively within the essay. Based on the Harvard model, the bibliography will alphabetically credit citations made within the discourse. Definition Mass media denotes, â€Å"the methods and organization used by special social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences† Trowler, (2001, p. 1). The television, newspapers, radio, cinema, mobile phones, films etc are mass media instruments employed in encoding and disseminating messages. Crime denotes â€Å"an action or omission which constitute an offence and is punishable by law† Pearsall, (1998, p. 434). The Mass media attitude-influencing debate With television as the typology, Allen, (1994, p. 37) cites the hitherto elief that â€Å"the camera never lies† to emphasise the trust or reality that majority of the public attaches to mass media messages. From a semiotic and structural perspective, Robert Allen goes on to emphasise that while mass media information are â€Å"partial, motivated, conventional and biased† (p. 38), people simply receive them as †pure information, as an unmediated signifier†. Whi le this tendency and the lack of media literacy may collude to accord consensus to â€Å"the power-wielding ability of the press to instigate public hysteria on crime†, Banks, (2001, p. 7); Trowler, (2001), the correlate between the mass media messages and crime is not only highly contentious but is a factor of a myriad of variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b). With television, the newspapers and films as typologies, the medical model perceives the mass media as the syringe, the message as what is injected and the audience as the patient. Accordingly, the influence of the media on our attitudes to crime is a factor of dosage, (the quantity, frequency and extent of exposure to mass media socialisation, Allen, (1994, p. 37); and the resilience, (audience’s selective ability rather than passive attitude to media messages). However, irrespective of our resilience, â€Å"prolonged exposure to biased media message will eventually impact on our attitudes to crime. † Lazarsfeld et al. , (1948). Some sociologists assert that, â€Å"the hypnotic power of the mass media deprives us of the capacity for critical thought. Marcuse, (1972). This is acute within contemporary techno-globalised society where audiences are incessantly bombarded with crime details or crime-explicit films. Regarding films, the murder of James Bulger was attributed to â€Å"re-enactment of scenes from ‘Child’s play 111. † Ford, (1994). Similarly, critics argue that the television, news papers and cinema have socialised aud iences into stereotyping crime so that medical conditions like mental illness are being criminalised. For example society is more predisposed to prejudge innocent mental patients culpable solely by reason of their circumstance compared to affluent criminals. Similarly, the allegation that British society is â€Å"intrinsically racist†, Donald and Rattansi, (1992, p. 4) is exemplified in media reporting that visibly seem to socialised audiences into criminalising ‘Blackness’. Here, subsequent to a fatal assault, a tabloid caption read, â€Å"Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’† The Sun, (2007). The resulting public hysteria and outraged evoked was indicative of the extent to which placid readers had been socialised through minds and thoughts manipulation into passive and stereotypical consumers of bias media messages. Here, the media relegated the actual criminal act of murder into insignificance while readers were manipulated into using ‘blackness’ with implications of racism as primary criteria in their evaluation of the crime. Similarly, the Telegraph headline of December 14th 1985; â€Å"Black Brixton Looters jailed† Trowler, (2001, p. 10) is typical of mass media attitude manipulation so that ‘blackness’ is perceived as synonymous with criminality. Furthermore, the newspapers and television’s preoccupation with technical efficiency at the expense of empathetic concern have socialised audience into making stars of criminals while crime victims are either negated or re-victimised. Kirsta, (1988, p. 105). For example, the social wor ker was isolated and vilified in the Victoria Climbe trails, thanks to media-audience manipulation. The media’s influence here was to manipulate the audience to scapegoat the less credential social worker as opposed to the learned consultant. As in most criminal investigations, the media became the reporter, prosecutor, judge and executioner while the audience passively consented to the media propaganda. Society’s stereotypical perception of social workers â€Å"as indecisive wimps who fail to protect children from death, or as authoritarian bullies who unjustifiably snatch children from their parent† Banks, (2001, p. 17) persist today thanks to media influence. Ultimately, until a herculean revolution is affected to change the way mass media messages are encoded and disseminated, attitudes to crime will always reciprocate and satisfy the mass media’s mind manipulation and socialisation processes. Appraisal While conservatives of the Mary Whitehouse school vilify the mass media for encouraging and â€Å"desensitizing the audience to crime and violence and other forms of deviance†, Trowler, (2001, p. 112), advocates uphold them not only as the primary means of informing the public but argue that audiences â€Å"are complicated filter mechanism that are selective in their interpretation and pplication of mass media messages. Fiske, (1986). Similarly, while this argument may provide plausible reasons to argue that the selective consumption of media messages serves to mitigate the alleged domineering influence of the mass media on public crime attitudes, Robert Allen (1994, p. 6) stressed that â€Å"despite the seemingly self-evi dent manner in which we are able to make sense of television, that ability is in fact a result of our having learned the convention of television reading. Furthermore, although Robert Allen, (1994, p. 14) says â€Å"early mass communication scholars were impressed by broadcasting’s direct, immediate and drastic effects on behaviours and attitudes†,(p. 14), in qualifying his statement, he emphasised that â€Å"the media did not tell people what to think so much as they told people what to think about. † (p. 14). Crime-wise, the debate would then be whether the mass media implicitly drives some people into committing crime or does it rather set the agenda for public discourse on crime? If as a result of the latter, mass media audiences are instigated to undertake dialogue as a result thereof, then, this must be indicative of attitudes that are the result of mass media sensitisation about crime, or counter response to media crime representations. Whatever the case, a comprehensive appraisal of the power of the mass media on crime attitude is inherently problematic since this â€Å"is an under-research phenomenon† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 118) which â€Å"operates by conventions rather than by hard-and-fast rules. † Allen, (1994, p. 49). Moreover, McQuail, (1994, p. 27) noted that â€Å"there is little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects. † Nonetheless, while it is generally presumed that the mass media influence audience’s attitudes to crime and â€Å"that television cultivates people’s beliefs† Gerbner and Larry (1976), counter argument asserts that â€Å"an individual’s attitude o r predisposition can modify or sometimes completely distort the meaning of a given mass media message† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 127). Furthermore, from an entertainment or escapist perspective, it is argued that television â€Å"is not supposed to be taken seriously. Allen, (1994, p. 4). The issue here is the proportion of mass media audience that are objective enough to discern facts from fiction. Nevertheless, the reality with mass media dependency as our primary source of information or entertainment is that, our attitudes to crime will always mirror some of the shortcomings of the media’s encoding and dissemination processes. Bearing in mind the fact that being a capitalist society where profit-making supersedes ethical and moral values, the various attitudes to crime are factors of vested interest as well as one’s social class within the prevailing economic structure. Research-wise the media’s quest to galvanise readership by stressing the scale rather than the true extent of crime â€Å"is neither ethically acceptable nor logical. † Ennew, (1996, p. 12). Conclusion. In the contemporary techno-globalised world where audiences are not only mass media-dependent for information, Banks, (2001); Trowler, (2001), but are incessantly bombarded with crime minutiae, there is consensus that our attitudes to crime will reciprocate these realities. Banks, (2001); Brand and Price, (2000). However, the extent to which these attitudes are a consequence of media socialisation and manipulation is dependent on a myriad of inter-related variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b); There is also consensus that the public’s habitual moral panic and knee-jerk attitudes of indignation, detestation, and sometimes mass hysteria to emotive crime-reporting are usually instigated by sensational reporting â€Å"to increase readership rather than transmit facts. Kirsta, (1988). Nonetheless some critics argue that â€Å"the mass media, rather than changing attitudes, serves to confirm those attitudes already held by audience. † Trowler, (2001, p. 64). Furthermore, the apparent media’s influence on crime attitude is mitigated on the assumption that majority of the public are rationally selective in their consumption of media messages. Fiske, (1986). Holistically, â€Å"the lack of systematic researches into the exact impact of the mass media on our attitudes to crime†, Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 18), is colluding with other factors to render it necessary to question the reliability and validity of prevailing opinions. Allen, (1994). Thus, until the relevant mechanism is established to address this deficiency, related analysis will forever be shrouded in relativities? Bibliography Allen, R. (1994) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: television and contemporary criticism 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. Boyd-Barrett, O. and Newbold, C. (2001) Approaches to Media: A Reader. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000) The Economic and Social Cost of Crime. London: Home Office Research Study. 217. Buckingham, D. (1993b) Reading Audiences: Young People and the Media. Manchester: UP Ennew et al, (1996) Children and Prostitution: How Can we Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. New York: UNICEF. Fiske, J. (1986) Television: polysemy and popularity, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Vol, 3. Ford, M. (1994). Sight and Sound. London: BFI. Gerbner, G. And Larry, G. (1976) Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2. Gillespie, M. (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge. Grays, A. (1992) Video Playtime. London: Routledge. Gunter, B. (1997) Children and the fear of crime. London: Libbey. Gunter, B. (11995) Television and Gender: Representation. London: John Libbey. Katz, E. (1979) On Conceptualising Media Effects. Leuven: Catholic University. Kirsta, A. (1988) Victims: Surviving the aftermath of violent crime. London: Hutchison Ltd. Klapper, J. T (1960) The Effect of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press. Lazarsfeld, P. F. Et al. (1948) The People’s Choice. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Marcuse, H. (1972) The One Dimensional Man. London: Abacus. McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Pearsall, J. (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Sun, (2007). Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’ London: The Sun Newspaper. Trowler, P. (1998) Investigating Mass Media. London: Collins Educational.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Annotated Bibliography Example Whether or not guns should be allowed is not the central issue that is up for debate; rather, the issue at hand is the ease and availability that is unilaterally shared by almost all of the purveyors of these massacres. The author argues that when one examines the rate at which laws and governance has grown and evolved since the time of the founding fathers, it is easy to note that key differences in the means by which the citizen integrates with concepts of property taxes, public education, and emergency services (not to mention a whole host of others); the reader can quickly come to the realization that the means by which government interacts with the citizen is undeniably far distant from the means that originally existed. The author argues that a correct level of gun control could at least attempt to lessen the availability of certain aspects of these instruments of destruction. Naturally, the issue that is up for discussion hinges not upon whether these deaths may have occurred regardless; but rather upon the question of to what level the bloodletting would have happened if proper societal and governmental constraints were in place to restrict the availability of certain aspects of weapons, high capacity magazines, and the means by which they could be